Category: Linux

Upgrade RedHat 9 to Sendmail 8.12.11

July 28, 2004


wget ftp://ftp.sendmail.org/pub/sendmail/sendmail.8.12.11.tar.gz
tar -xvzf sendmail.8.12.11.tar.gz
cd sendmail-8.12.11/
cd sendmail
sh Build
cd ../cf/cf
cp /etc/mail/sendmail.mc  .
sh Build sendmail.cf

cp /etc/mail/sendmail.mc /etc/mail/sendmail.mc.bak
cp /etc/mail/sendmail.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf.bak

sh Build install-cf

cp /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail.bak

cd ../../sendmail
mkdir /usr/man/man1
mkdir /usr/man/man5
mkdir /usr/man/man8
sh Build install

service sendmail stop
cp /usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail
service sendmail start
rm /usr/sbin/sendmail
ln -s /etc/alternatives/mta /usr/sbin/sendmail

wget ftp://ftp.sendmail.org/pub/sendmail/sendmail.8.12.11.tar.gz

tar -xvzf sendmail.8.12.11.tar.gz

cd sendmail-8.12.11/

cd sendmail

sh Build

cd ../cf/cf

cp /etc/mail/sendmail.mc .

sh Build sendmail.cf

cp /etc/mail/sendmail.mc /etc/mail/sendmail.mc.bak

cp /etc/mail/sendmail.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf.bak

sh Build install-cf

cp /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail.bak

cd ../../sendmail

mkdir /usr/man/man1

mkdir /usr/man/man5

mkdir /usr/man/man8

sh Build install

service sendmail stop

cp /usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail.sendmail

service sendmail start

rm /usr/sbin/sendmail

ln -s /etc/alternatives/mta /usr/sbin/sendmail

Upgrade RedHat Enterprise 2.1 AS to Sendmail 8.12.11

July 28, 2004


Note: BerkeleyDB.4.2 was previously installed from source onto the
system so there was not need to install this package. On a purely 
stock install this would have been required.

Edit /etc/ld.so.conf and add line:

  /usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.2/lib

to the end of the file.

> ldconfig

> wget ftp://ftp.sendmail.org/pub/sendmail/sendmail.8.12.11.tar.gz
> tar -xvzf sendmail.8.12.11.tar.gz
> cd sendmail-8.12.11/

> cd devtools/Site

Create a file site.config.m4 with:

  define(`confMAPDEF', `-DNEWDB')
  define(`confINCDIRS', `-I/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.2/include/') 
  define(`confLIBDIRS', `-L/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.2/lib/')

> cd ../../sendmail
> sh Build
> cd ../cf/cf
> cp /etc/mail/sendmail.mc .

Edit sendmail.mc and comment out the line:

   define(`confAUTO_REBUILD')dnl

so that it reads:

   dnl define(`confAUTO_REBUILD')dnl

Also change the line:

  FEATURE(`access_db',`hash -o /etc/mail/access.db')dnl

to read:

  FEATURE(`access_db',`hash -T<TMPF> -o /etc/mail/access.db')dnl

Finally change the line:

  define(`confAUTH_OPTIONS', `A')dnl

to:

  dnl define(`confAUTH_OPTIONS', `A')dnl


> sh Build sendmail.cf

> cp /etc/mail/sendmail.mc /etc/mail/sendmail.mc.bak
> cp /etc/mail/sendmail.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf.bak

> sh Build install-cf

> cp /usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail.bak

> cd ../../sendmail
> groupadd -g 25 smmsp
> useradd -g smmsp -u 25 smmsp
> chsh -s /sbin/nologin smmsp
> sh Build install

> chown smmsp.smmsp /var/spool/clientmqueue
> chmod u+rwx,g+rwx,o-rwx /var/spool/clientmqueue
> chown root.wheel /var/spool/mqueue
> chmod u+rwx,g-rwx,o-rwx /var/spool/mqueue

Note: BerkeleyDB.4.2 was previously installed from source onto the

system so there was not need to install this package. On a purely

stock install this would have been required.

Edit /etc/ld.so.conf and add line:

/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.2/lib

to the end of the file.

> ldconfig

> wget ftp://ftp.sendmail.org/pub/sendmail/sendmail.8.12.11.tar.gz

> tar -xvzf sendmail.8.12.11.tar.gz

> cd sendmail-8.12.11/

> cd devtools/Site

Create a file site.config.m4 with:

define(`confMAPDEF', `-DNEWDB')

define(`confINCDIRS', `-I/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.2/include/')

define(`confLIBDIRS', `-L/usr/local/BerkeleyDB.4.2/lib/')

> cd ../../sendmail

> sh Build

> cd ../cf/cf

> cp /etc/mail/sendmail.mc .

Edit sendmail.mc and comment out the line:

define(`confAUTO_REBUILD')dnl

so that it reads:

dnl define(`confAUTO_REBUILD')dnl

Also change the line:

FEATURE(`access_db',`hash -o /etc/mail/access.db')dnl

to read:

FEATURE(`access_db',`hash -T<TMPF> -o /etc/mail/access.db')dnl

Finally change the line:

define(`confAUTH_OPTIONS', `A')dnl

to:

dnl define(`confAUTH_OPTIONS', `A')dnl

> sh Build sendmail.cf

> cp /etc/mail/sendmail.mc /etc/mail/sendmail.mc.bak

> cp /etc/mail/sendmail.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf.bak

> sh Build install-cf

> cp /usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail.bak

> cd ../../sendmail

> groupadd -g 25 smmsp

> useradd -g smmsp -u 25 smmsp

> chsh -s /sbin/nologin smmsp

> sh Build install

> chown smmsp.smmsp /var/spool/clientmqueue

> chmod u+rwx,g+rwx,o-rwx /var/spool/clientmqueue

> chown root.wheel /var/spool/mqueue

> chmod u+rwx,g-rwx,o-rwx /var/spool/mqueue

Advanced Networking Resources

July 28, 2004

http://linux-ip.net – Great online book about advanced networking issues. http://lartc.org/ – Howto and man pages

Performance Monitoring

July 28, 2004

Here are some handy commands that I used recently to debug a server performance issue:


<strong>> sar</strong>
Linux 2.4.9-34smp (some.server.net)  07/28/2004

12:00:00 AM       CPU     %user     %nice   %system     %idle
12:10:00 AM       all     12.29      2.00      4.55     81.16
12:20:00 AM       all      4.14      0.16      2.58     93.13
12:30:00 AM       all      4.46      0.02      2.79     92.74
12:40:01 AM       all      3.68      0.04      2.36     93.92
12:50:00 AM       all      3.78      0.03      2.47     93.72
01:00:00 AM       all      3.89      0.10      2.42     93.59
01:10:00 AM       all      6.65      0.62      2.70     90.03
01:20:00 AM       all      5.56      0.31      2.85     91.27
01:30:00 AM       all      4.04      0.02      2.40     93.53
01:40:00 AM       all      4.41      0.58      2.92     92.09
01:50:01 AM       all      5.63      0.73      3.13     90.51
02:00:00 AM       all      3.58      0.03      2.19     94.19
02:10:00 AM       all      8.19      0.03      2.39     89.39
02:20:00 AM       all      4.84      0.00      2.90     92.25
02:30:00 AM       all      6.77      0.59      2.86     89.78
02:40:01 AM       all      4.04      0.02      2.99     92.94
02:50:00 AM       all      4.60      0.03      2.83     92.55
03:00:00 AM       all      5.67      0.29      2.83     91.21
03:10:00 AM       all      4.58      0.13      2.99     92.29
03:20:00 AM       all      8.69      0.80      3.46     87.05
03:30:01 AM       all      5.32      0.22      3.10     91.36
03:40:01 AM       all      4.85      0.06      3.23     91.85
03:50:00 AM       all      3.73      0.00      2.72     93.55
04:00:00 AM       all      3.40      0.02      2.27     94.31
04:10:00 AM       all     40.16      0.09      8.79     50.96
04:20:00 AM       all     44.44      0.04     10.07     45.45
04:30:00 AM       all     32.32      1.06     10.09     56.53
04:40:00 AM       all     38.10      0.04      7.05     54.81
04:50:01 AM       all     32.80      0.02      8.07     59.12
05:00:02 AM       all     32.89      2.06     13.31     51.74
05:10:00 AM       all     42.18      0.49      9.52     47.81
05:20:01 AM       all     53.17      2.62      9.76     34.44
05:30:00 AM       all     18.56      6.41     16.87     58.15
05:40:00 AM       all     38.36      0.04      9.80     51.80
05:50:00 AM       all     26.03      0.24      9.35     64.38
06:00:00 AM       all     30.65      0.97      9.82     58.56
06:10:01 AM       all     44.41      0.07      9.51     46.00
06:20:00 AM       all     25.11      0.14     12.42     62.34
06:30:00 AM       all     37.65      0.02     12.12     50.21
Average:          all     17.02      0.54      5.76     76.68

Linux 2.4.9-34smp (some.server.net) 07/28/2004

12:00:00 AM CPU %user %nice %system %idle

12:10:00 AM all 12.29 2.00 4.55 81.16

12:20:00 AM all 4.14 0.16 2.58 93.13

12:30:00 AM all 4.46 0.02 2.79 92.74

12:40:01 AM all 3.68 0.04 2.36 93.92

12:50:00 AM all 3.78 0.03 2.47 93.72

01:00:00 AM all 3.89 0.10 2.42 93.59

01:10:00 AM all 6.65 0.62 2.70 90.03

01:20:00 AM all 5.56 0.31 2.85 91.27

01:30:00 AM all 4.04 0.02 2.40 93.53

01:40:00 AM all 4.41 0.58 2.92 92.09

01:50:01 AM all 5.63 0.73 3.13 90.51

02:00:00 AM all 3.58 0.03 2.19 94.19

02:10:00 AM all 8.19 0.03 2.39 89.39

02:20:00 AM all 4.84 0.00 2.90 92.25

02:30:00 AM all 6.77 0.59 2.86 89.78

02:40:01 AM all 4.04 0.02 2.99 92.94

02:50:00 AM all 4.60 0.03 2.83 92.55

03:00:00 AM all 5.67 0.29 2.83 91.21

03:10:00 AM all 4.58 0.13 2.99 92.29

03:20:00 AM all 8.69 0.80 3.46 87.05

03:30:01 AM all 5.32 0.22 3.10 91.36

03:40:01 AM all 4.85 0.06 3.23 91.85

03:50:00 AM all 3.73 0.00 2.72 93.55

04:00:00 AM all 3.40 0.02 2.27 94.31

04:10:00 AM all 40.16 0.09 8.79 50.96

04:20:00 AM all 44.44 0.04 10.07 45.45

04:30:00 AM all 32.32 1.06 10.09 56.53

04:40:00 AM all 38.10 0.04 7.05 54.81

04:50:01 AM all 32.80 0.02 8.07 59.12

05:00:02 AM all 32.89 2.06 13.31 51.74

05:10:00 AM all 42.18 0.49 9.52 47.81

05:20:01 AM all 53.17 2.62 9.76 34.44

05:30:00 AM all 18.56 6.41 16.87 58.15

05:40:00 AM all 38.36 0.04 9.80 51.80

05:50:00 AM all 26.03 0.24 9.35 64.38

06:00:00 AM all 30.65 0.97 9.82 58.56

06:10:01 AM all 44.41 0.07 9.51 46.00

06:20:00 AM all 25.11 0.14 12.42 62.34

06:30:00 AM all 37.65 0.02 12.12 50.21

Average: all 17.02 0.54 5.76 76.68

Also “sar -A” give more useful info. For sar to work, you need a cronjob like this:


# run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib/sa/sa1 1 1

# run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes

*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib/sa/sa1 1 1

The cronjob can go in a file at /etc/cron.d/sysstat on Redhat and similar systems. Another useful command is “vmstat”:


<strong>> vmstat 1</strong>
   procs                      memory    swap          io     system         cpu
 r  b  w   swpd   free   buff  cache  si  so    bi    bo   in    cs  us  sy  id
 0  5  0  44856   3040  50504 273364   1   2    78   107   53   129  20   6  74
 1  5  0  44856   3164  50552 274176   0   0  2288  1036  513   766  21  11  68
 1  4  0  44856   3056  50556 273496   0   0  3128   116  443   507   7   6  87
 2  3  0  44856   3236  50564 274800   0   0  3200   460  557   558   8   7  85

<strong>> vmstat 1</strong>

procs memory swap io system cpu

r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id

0 5 0 44856 3040 50504 273364 1 2 78 107 53 129 20 6 74

1 5 0 44856 3164 50552 274176 0 0 2288 1036 513 766 21 11 68

1 4 0 44856 3056 50556 273496 0 0 3128 116 443 507 7 6 87

2 3 0 44856 3236 50564 274800 0 0 3200 460 557 558 8 7 85

Squid Guard

July 26, 2004

We’ll start by installing Squid:


> cd /root
> wget http://www.squid-cache.org/Versions/v2/2.5/squid-2.5.STABLE3.tar.gz
> tar -xvzf squid-2.5.STABLE3.tar.gz
> cd squid-2.5.STABLE3
> ./configure
> make
> make install
> cd /root
> rm -rf squid-2.5.STABLE3
> mkdir archive
> mv squid-2.5.STABLE3.tar.gz archive

> cd /root

> wget http://www.squid-cache.org/Versions/v2/2.5/squid-2.5.STABLE3.tar.gz

> tar -xvzf squid-2.5.STABLE3.tar.gz

> cd squid-2.5.STABLE3

> ./configure

> make

> make install

> cd /root

> rm -rf squid-2.5.STABLE3

> mkdir archive

> mv squid-2.5.STABLE3.tar.gz archive

Squid is now installed at /usr/local/squid. Notice that we use the “wget” command to download the software. Then we unpack and build the software. The build sequence is very typical for Linux packages – configure, make, make install. We finish up by saving the distribution to /root/archive and removing the build directory that is no longer needed. Configuration for squid is pretty simple in the basic case. All configuration is stored in a single file located at /usr/local/squid/etc/squid.conf. The squid.conf file can be edited with your favoriate text editor. All though there are hundreds of configuration options only a few are needed in a basic install. We made the following changes: a. Find the line that looks like this (approx line 684):


  #cache_dir ufs /usr/local/squid/var/cache 100 16 256

#cache_dir ufs /usr/local/squid/var/cache 100 16 256

Remove the “#” comment from the begining of the line and set the desired cache size and location:


  cache_dir ufs /usr/local/squid/var/cache 768 16 256

cache_dir ufs /usr/local/squid/var/cache 768 16 256

This defines

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Category: Linux

Upgrade RedHat 9 to Sendmail 8.12.11

Upgrade RedHat Enterprise 2.1 AS to Sendmail 8.12.11

Advanced Networking Resources

Performance Monitoring

Squid Guard

Recent Updates

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